General Distribution
Fairly common locally in mature stands of most conifer, hardwood, and mixed
hardwood-conifer habitats in the Klamath, Cascade, Transverse, Peninsular, and Sierra
Nevada Ranges (Ingles 1965). Also found in the Sacramento Valley in riparian stands, and in
other suitable habitats. Habitat Requirements
These squirrels are dependent upon mature stands of mixed conifer and oak
habitats. Closely associated with oaks. Require large trees, mast, and snags. Reproduction
In winter, make brood nests in tree and snag cavities, often enlarging an
abandoned woodpecker cavity. They also build nests on branches of oak, fir, or pine trees.
Nests are lined with shredded bark, grass, moss, and lichen.
Breed from January through September, with most births occurring March
into June. Gestation period 43-44 days; 1 litter/yr. Average litter size 3-4 (range 1-5). Daily/Seasonal Activity
Yearlong diurnal activity; most active in early morning and late afternoon
(Maser et al. 1981).
Diet and Foraging
Opportunistic feeders. Diet varies with the availability of seasonal and local
foods. They eat hypogeous fungi, pine nuts, acorns, fruits of California bay, other fruits and
nuts, forbs, and other tender shoots and leaves (Steinecker and Browning 1970, Steinecker
1977). Fungi are important spring and summer foods, and acorns, when available, are very
important summer, fall, and winter foods. Gray squirrels bury nuts singly 8-10 cm (3-4 in)
deep (scatter-hoard), and then dig them up to eat in the winter. They locate these nuts, and
hypogeous fungi, with their keen sense of smell, although deep snow hampers this ability. Territoriality/Home Range
Home range in the Sierra Nevada foothills varied from 0.2 to 0.7 ha (0.5 to
1.8 ac) for females, and from 0.5 to 1.0 ha (1.2 to 2.5 ac) for males (Ingles 1947). Home
ranges of males overlapped considerably. In Butte Co., territories averaged 1 /4 to 1/ 3 the size of home ranges (Ingles
1947). Lactating females defended territories of 0.1 to 0.3 ha (0.3 to 0.8 ac) Predator-Prey Relations
Potential predators include coyotes, foxes, bobcats, martens, and large hawks and
owls. Literature Cited
Asserson, W. C. III, 1974. Western gray squirrel study in Kern County, California. Calif.
Dept. Fish and Game, Wildl. Manage. Branch Admin. Rep. No.74-1. 32pp.
Ingles, L. G. 1947. Ecology and life history of the California gray squirrel. Calif. Fish and
Game 33:138-158.
Ingles, L. G. 1965. Mammals of the Pacific states. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA.
506pp.
Maser, C., B. R. Mate, J. F. Franklin, and C. T. Dyrness. 1981. Natural history of Oregon
coast mammals. Pac. Northwest For. And Range Exp. Sta., USDA, For. Serv., Gen. Tech.
Rep., PNW-133. 496pp.
Steinecker, W. E. 1977. Supplemental data on the food habits of the western gray squirrel.
Calif. Fish and Game 63:11-21.
Steinecker, W. E., and B. M. Browning. 1970. Food habits of the western gray squirrel. Calif.
Fish and Game 56:36-48.
Information gathered from California DFG - California Interagency Wildlife Task Group
